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The Clayoquot protests were a series of protests related to clearcut logging in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. The protest against the logging of the temperate rainforest in 1993 was, at the time, the largest act of civil disobedience in Canadian history.〔The Canadian Encyclopedia. (Clayoquot Sound ). Historica Dominion. Retrieved on: 2012-11-08.〕 The timber resources of Clayoquot Sound attracted growing numbers of foreigners, limiting access of indigenous peoples to land and creating increasing displeasure among the local population. Government support of private company resource extraction allowed for the growth of this industry over time, resulting in the presence of logging companies in Clayoquot Sound in the 1980s and 1990s. The differing opinions between these groups led to the development of First Nations lobbying organizations and a series of negotiations over logging practices. The situation escalated in the late 1980s when MacMillan Bloedel secured a permit to log Meares Island. Opposition to MacMillan Bloedel logging in Clayoquot Sound was expressed in several peaceful protests and blockades of logging roads from 1980 to 1994. The largest protest occurred in the summer of 1993, when over 800 protesters were arrested and many put on trial. Protesters included local residents of the Sound, the Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation and Ahousaht First Nation bands, and environmentalist groups such as Greenpeace and Friends of Clayoquot Sound.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.focs.ca/logging/clud.asp )〕 The portrayal of the logging protests and blockades received worldwide mass media attention, creating national support for the environmental movement in British Columbia and fostering strong advocacy for anti-logging campaigns. Media attention was focused around the perceived unfairness of the mass arrests of people engaging in peaceful protests and blockades. Participants encountered aggression and intimidation from law enforcement, which served to strengthen public support for nonviolent protests.〔Walter, P. "Adult Learning in New Social Movements: Environmental Protest and the Struggle for the Clayoquot Sound Rainforest." Adult Education Quarterly 57.3 (2007): 248-63.〕 ==Background== The region was populated by Indigenous communities for millennia, and discovered in the 18th century by European explorers. The first European to arrive in Tofino was a Spaniard, Juan José Pérez Hernández in 1774. Hernández and his crew recognized the potential wealth of the region's resources, such as fish and timber. Afterwards, several trading posts were erected and operated for a little over a century, until the first Catholic mission was built in 1899. Over time, the region's prosperity fluctuated similarly to many other frontier settlements, due to difficulty accessing the region from a lack of roads. It wasn't until 1959 that a logging road was built to Tofino, marking the beginning of the region's commercial exploitation of resources. This allowed the fishing industry that was also taking off: in 1964, four hundred boats were tied up at the Tofino Harbor at once. On May 4, 1971 an official dedication ceremony was held, creating Pacific Rim National Park in Clayoquot Sound. As a result, the 1959 logging road was paved in order to access Tofino. Prior to this, logging companies had been investing into the region: with easier access, natural resources could now be exploited on a larger scale. Small operations had been undergone in the Kennedy Lake and Ucluelet area, but when the area's timber supply began to diminish, the logging companies' presence near Tofino increased. What was considered 'unrestricted logging' provoked significant public protests beginning in the 1980s. It began when MacMillan Bloedel announced its aims to begin logging operations on Meares Island. Leaders of the Nuu-chah-nulth tribe rejected this proposal. In 1984 this frustration reached a new level: MacMillan Bloedel workers arrived at Meares Island where they were met by the Nuu-chah-nulth, local environmentalists and other supporters blockading the road. To prevent logging operations from continuing, protesters declared the island a Tribal Park. MacMillan Bloedel attempted to override this with a court injunction, succeeding in their aims. However, in 1985 the Ahousaht and Tia-o-qui-aht First Nations acquired their own injunction to halt logging on the island, at least until the Nuu-chah-nulth's concerns had been addressed in the form of a treaty. Similar protests continued to run into the late 1980s and throughout Clayoquot Sound. These protests posed difficulties for locals who worked in the lumber industry. The blockades prevented these workers from completing their jobs, which meant they would not be paid. To address this, a forum was created allowing workers, environmentalists, and aboriginals to discuss mutually beneficial changes. This forum was called the Tin Wis Coalition, formed in 1988. In time, the coalition ceased shortly after a conference in October 1990. A new forum meant to produce more results and resolutions consisted of an eleven-member task force whose objective was to find compromises for land use in Clayoquot Sound to satisfy all the stakeholders. This task force was formed in 1989 by the Social Credit government in BC, but in October 1989 it disbanded similarly to the coalition. The next attempt at reaching consensus was the Clayoquot Sound Development Steering Committee, which had representatives from the logging industry, environmentalists, tourist operators, and First Nations groups. Talk occurred for over a year and a half until environmentalists and tourism representatives walked out, unimpressed that logging operations had continued while the groups met. The Steering Committee eventually disbanded without any formal agreement in May 1991. There were further attempts made by the government and a separate panel of Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Forests representatives to decide where logging could and could not occur, while the Steering Committee was gathering. This panel also failed to reach an agreement on the matter and environmentalists left for the second time in May 1991. When the NDP took up government in 1991, they utilized all the information that had been compiled from both the committee and the task force to create their land use plan which they announced in 1993. The plan divided the forests of Clayoquot Sound into numerous regions, setting parts aside for preservation, logging, and other various activities including recreation, wildlife, and scenery. The plan permitted logging in two-thirds of the old growth forest in Clayoquot.〔UVIC: VI-Wilds: Clayoquot Sound; Vulnerable Ecosystems, http://icor.uvic.ca/viwilds/ve-clayoquot.html〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Clayoquot protests」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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